History Meets Ethics: Reframing Peacebuilding Through Time

This week in my Religion, Violence, and Peacebuilding class, we explored the complex and often contentious relationship between pacifism and just war theory. What made this week especially compelling was the interdisciplinary approach - philosophy, theology, and history all came into the conversation, challenging us to think not just about what happened in the past, but how we ethically interpret it.

We began with Restoring Peace: Towards a Conversation between Just War and Reconcilitation Traditions by Matthew J. Gaudet and William R. O'Neill. The authors argue that these two traditions, often seen as opposites, can actually inform and enrich each other. Reconciliation, they suggest, is not just what happens after war, but it can be a framework that shapes how we think about conflict itself. This idea laid the groundwork for the rest of the week: what if pacifists and just war theorists aren't enemies, but uneasy allies in the pursuit of peace?

Later in the week, we welcomed a guest lecturer, a history professor at UVU who specializes in peacebuilding. His presence shifted the tone of the class from theoretical to historical. He challenged us to consider how historians often focus on events and outcomes, but neglect the ethical questions that underlie them. Why did people choose violence? What alternatives were available? What moral frameworks shaped their decisions?

To prepare for this class period, we read several historical documents: Benjamin Franklin's Plain Truth (1747), John Smith's Doctrine of Christianity (1748), and Jessica Choppin Roney's Ready to Act in Defiance of Government. These texts centered around the 1747 Militia Crisis in colonial America, a moment when civic duty, religious conviction, and political unrest collided. We also read Pacifist Claptrap, a Washington Post article published shortly after 9/11, which criticized pacifism as naive and dangerous. The juxtaposition of these texts, spanning centuries, highlighted how debates about violence and peace are never just academic. They are deeply personal, political, and moral.

For our weekly assignment, we read Reconciling Pacifist and Just War Theorists by James Sterba. Sterba argues that pacifism and just war theory can be reconciled when interpreted in their most morally defensible forms. He critiques rigid versions of pacifism, nonviolent and nonlethal, and proposes anti-war pacifism, which opposes participation in the massive use of lethal force, especially when nonviolent alternatives are underutilized.

Sterba's most compelling contribution is his defense of the moral distinction between intended and foreseen harm. Using Counterfactual and Nonexplanation Tests, he argues that collateral damage (foreseen harm) is morally less severe than intentional harm. This distinction, he claims, is crucial for evaluating wartime actions. While he acknowledges exceptions to the prohibition on intentional harm, he maintains that a strong presumption against it is morally preferable.

Ultimately, Sterba concludes that anti-war pacifists and just war theorists can agree on many cases of justified defense, especially when proportionality and restraint are emphasized. The reconciliation lies in refining both views to prioritize minimizing harm and respecting human dignity, even in extreme circumstances.

Reflecting on this week, I am struck by how much richer our understanding of peace becomes when we allow disciplines to speak to one another. Philosophy gives us the tools to evaluate moral claims. History gives us the context to understand how those claims were lived out. Theology offers a vision of human dignity that can guide both. 

Our guest lecturer reminded us that peacebuilding isn't just about preventing war; it is about asking better questions. What does justice look like before violence erupts? How do we honor the humanity of our enemies? And how can we learn from the past without repeating its ethical blind spots?

This week didn't offer easy answers. But it did offer a framework for thinking more deeply, and more compassionately, about the choices we make in the face of conflict.

Sources:

Franklin, B. (1747, November 17). Plain truth: Or, serious considerations on the present state of the city of Philadelphia, and province of Pennsylvania. Printed by Benjamin Franklin. 

Gaudet, M. J., & O’Neill, W. R. (2011). Restoring peace: Toward a conversation between the just war and reconciliation traditions. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 31(1), 37–55.

Kelly, Michael. (2001, September). Pacifist claptrap. The Washington Post.

Roney, J. C. (2010). “Ready to act in defiance of Government”: Colonial Philadelphia voluntary culture and the Defense Association of 1747–1748. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(2), 358–385.

Smith, J. (1748). The doctrine of Christianity as held by the people called Quakers, vindicated: In answer to Gilbert Tennent’s sermon on the lawfulness of war. Printed by Benjamin Franklin and David Hall. 

Sterba, J. P. (1992). Reconciling pacifists and just war theorists. Social Theory and Practice, 18(1), 21–38.

[Written for PHIL 366G class UVU Fall 2025]
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Housing, Humanity, and Hope: Reflecting on Evicted by Matthew Desmond

This post discusses key themes and quotes from Evicted by Matthew Desmond. While it doesn’t reveal every detail, it may touch on moments you’d prefer to discover on your own.

In August of this year, I read Evicted by Matthew Desmond. I had this book sitting on my nightstand for almost a year before I finally decided to see what all the hype was about. My sister-in-law had loaned me her copy and suggested I read it. She knew my love of Sociology and Politics would have me enjoying this book. She was absolutely right, as it left a lasting impression on me.

This book isn’t just filled with statistics and policy critiques; it’s a deeply human narrative that follows eight families in Milwaukee as they navigate the brutal realities of poverty and housing insecurity. Desmond writes with compassion and emotion as he doesn’t just present data, but tells the stories associated with it. 

One quote that especially stayed with me was:

“Whatever our way out of this mess, one thing is certain. This degree of inequality, this withdrawal of opportunity, this cold denial of basic needs, this endorsement of pointless suffering—by no American value is this situation justified. No moral code or ethical principle, no piece of scripture or holy teaching, can be summoned to defend what we have allowed our country to become.”

This passage encapsulates the moral urgency of the book. Desmond demonstrates that eviction is not just a symptom of poverty, but rather the cause. The families he profiles are caught in the never-ending cycle where losing a home leads to losing jobs, education, health, and dignity. The current system punishes the vulnerable and rewards exploitation.

Reading Evicted made me reflect on the fact that housing is not just a commodity; it is a human right. Desmond challenges readers to see beyond stereotypes and statistics. He wants us all to recognize the structural forces that shape people’s lives. This is definitely a topic worth discussing, and a book more people should read.

Published: March 1, 2016
Read: August 25, 2025

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Cultural Identity Essay

    I grew up in the Netherlands and lived there until I was 17 years old. At the time of this essay, I am 45 years old, and my old country looks a lot different now than it did when I lived there. I have not been back since I left in 1993. Growing up, there were a few immigrants in my school from North Africa or the Middle East. As time went on, more immigrants arrived in the Netherlands. When I was younger, I remember being in a classroom with almost everyone looking and sounding like I did, but as I changed, so did my surroundings. My parents were very inclusive, and we had neighbors of different backgrounds and nationalities in our home all the time. It was not strange for me to see people from different countries and backgrounds talking and interacting with my parents. My dad had a really good job, and we were well off. As I grew up, his status in his company grew, and we made more money and could afford nicer things. My parents did not flaunt their wealth, and so I never knew how much we had until I was a lot older. I had friends who grew up with nothing, and friends whose parents were very rich; we all got along. Emphasis was never on money or status in my family, and so I never placed it on them either.

    My parents converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and so we were in the minority when it came to religion. Growing up, we probably had about 5000 people in the entire country who were members of our church. I was the only “Mormon” at my elementary school, middle school, and high school. It was hard as people didn’t know what kind of religion we practiced, and so I was ostracized a lot growing up. As of 2022, I am still a member of this church and have found my own path in practicing this religion. Growing up in the 80’s I never thought too much about gender identity and sexual orientation. Europe is a liberal continent when it comes to identity, and so it was normal to see all types of people around me. I was raised to respect everyone, even if they were different from me, and so that has never been a problem. My oldest daughter came out to me as bisexual when she was 16 years old, and I was able to understand her and love her because of the way I was raised. Her father was born and raised in Orem, Utah, and so he had a completely different view on how he should react, and so he did.

    I moved to America when I was 17 and have lived here ever since. I have unfortunately not been able to go back to Europe since then, but I hope to one day soon. I got married here when I was 23 and was in an abusive marriage for 20 years. I divorced in 2019, and I am finally able to be myself again. I was manipulated into thinking and acting differently than when I had been raised, and unfortunately raised my kids with less tolerance than I had grown up with. My oldest daughter is very tolerant as she belongs to the LGBTQ+ community, and I am glad I did not mess her up completely. Unfortunately, my other daughter takes after her father and is not as tolerant of differences. My life for 20 years did not match what I had been raised to believe, and I am working hard to change back to the person I was before that. As a child, I was able to travel a lot all over Europe since my parents made good money. I have seen so many different places and enjoyed so many different cultures that I want to go back and experience it all over again. While I was married, I was not able to travel at all and had lost myself for a long time. Since my divorce, I have put many miles on my car and have seen places I have been waiting to see. I took a cruise and have plans for many more trips as soon as Covid allows it.

    I have lots of family in the Netherlands and Australia, and I am dying to visit them again. I work full-time now and go to school full-time, so I don’t have a lot of time for friends. My ex-husband never allowed for friends, and so I have slowly been making new relationships, mainly with co-workers. I work in the education field, and so most of my friends are also extremely busy and don’t make a lot of money to travel either. I have an older sister whom I am travelling with as she is divorced as well, and we make a lot of good new memories together. I grew up in the Netherlands and served a mission for my church in Finland. The experiences I had there have definitely made me into the person I am today. My tolerance for all things is different, and my acceptance of all comes from living in those places. I embrace diversity and think it is a very important part of life. Since I still have family in the Netherlands and Australia, I believe that it is keeping me connected in a sense with a different culture. I see what my family and friends post on their Facebook accounts in those countries and can experience some facets of their lives this way.

Currently, I am a history and political science major and love to read and learn new things. I am constantly looking forward to seeing what is happening all over the world. Reading is one of my passions, and I love reading biographies to see how others grow up. I have read many books about people who have escaped communist China or the Taliban in the Middle East. The more I read, the more I can empathize with others around me and know that I am not the only one who may have a hard day or year. I have many places I want to travel to on my bucket list. When I graduate with my degree, I want to visit Machu Picchu. It is scary for me as I have never traveled out of the country by myself, and I don’t speak Spanish. I am trying to learn Spanish so that it won’t be so scary, and hopefully, I will have some more experience with traveling alone when the time comes. Mount Fuji is another place I want to see in my lifetime, and I would also love to walk the streets of Paris and Venice again. I could name a million other places and things I want to experience, and hopefully, I can cross some of my lists soon.

[Written for GEOG 130G class UVU Spring 2022]
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TED Talk with the Prime Minister of Bhutan

    I watched the TED Talk with the Prime Minister of Bhutan because its subject matter pertained to how the country is carbon neutral. I really enjoyed the talk and how he described how a country as small as theirs could have all its ducks in a row when it comes to global warming. 

    One of the key terms from the reading that came to mind when I watched the TED talk was modernization. Bhutan is a very small country with only about 700,000 citizens, and the Prime Minister called it underdeveloped. The people living in Bhutan are very humble and seem to work hard to make their lives happy. The government has done a lot to modernize the small country and to keep it carbon neutral. The Prime Minister stated that free electricity is provided to rural farmers so that they can modernize their farms and don’t need to burn wood to cook their meals. The government also makes sure that all lights are switched to LEDs and cars are electric. The government is also completely paperless in its dealings and is planting more trees. All these things let me know that the country of Bhutan is modernizing and keeping up with the rest of the world.

    The second key term from the reading that came to mind is International Development Assistance. This assistance would be provided to underdeveloped countries that would need a loan to bring them relief of sorts. When I think about Bhutan and how the country is run so efficiently, I don’t think they would need any assistance that is out there. The way the government has set things up, the country can sustain itself forever. The Prime Minister, in his talk, exclaimed that Bhutan is not carbon neutral but carbon negative. Because of the protected forests in their country and all that they are doing to lower their footprint, they create more energy than they need and can help others out with it. As an underdeveloped country, they can help other countries out with their energy needs.

    The third key term is mental maps. The reading explains that mental maps are maps created by those people who live in the country and know the ins and outs of it all. The Prime Minister, in his talk, showed a map of Bhutan with a 72% forest cover. Because of the knowledge of the land, the people there were able to connect the forests together to create ways that all the animals in Bhutan are free to roam in those protected areas. With the knowledge of their own country and the need to protect the land and animals, they were able to create new maps to show which areas are protected. It would be amazing if we could somehow link all our national parks together in a way to protect them all better as well.

    I love TED Talks as they are usually so powerful, and that is why I picked this one to watch. I was amazed to see that a small country like Bhutan can be such an inspirational leader to the rest of the world what it means to be mindful of the environment. Their ideas and implementations are a good blueprint that other countries could follow to also get closer to becoming carbon neutral. I love the idea that the Prime Minister ends with calling Earth for Life, where we all need to come together to protect our planet forever, so we can keep our resources.

Link to TED Talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lc_dlVrg5M  

[Written for GEOG 130G class UVU Spring 2022]
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Faith, Violence, and the Ethics of War: Reflections from Fall Break Readings

Even during Fall Break week, the readings for PHIL 366R offered a powerful lens into the intersection of religion and violence. From personal memoirs to theological treatises, each piece challenged me to think more deeply about how faith traditions grapple with conflict, justice, and moral responsibility.

We read To Hearken or Not by Brian Birch (my professor for the class). This essay examines the tension between obedience and moral authority within religious traditions. Birch's work made me think about how religious followers navigate commands that may conflict with personal or societal ethics. It's especially relevant in contexts where violence is justified by appeals to divine authority.

I have read Under the Banner of Heaven by Jon Krakauer in its entirety multiple times. We were asked to read the prologue for this week as Krakauer introduces the story of religiously motivated violence within fundamentalist Mormonism. The prologue sets a chilling tone, showing how sincere belief can be twisted into justification for horrific acts. It raises questions about the boundaries of religious freedom and the role of institutions in curbing extremism.

We also read an article titled Radical Mormon Jihad by Eric Peterson which was published in the Salt Lake City Weekly on July 30, 2014. It features an interview with Dan Lafferty, one of the brothers convicted in the 1984 murders of Brenda Lafferty and her infant daughter Erica. In the article, Dan Lafferty shares his apocalyptic beliefs, including a prophecy about escaping prison and calling down fire from heaven, likening his future actions to those of the biblical prophet Elijah. This piece offers a chilling look into religious extremism and how fringe theological interpretations can fuel violent ideologies. It's a powerful complement to Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven, which explores the Lafferty case from a broader investigative and narrative perspective.

Eric Peterson and Jon Krakauer approach the same disturbing subject - religiously motivated violence - through different lenses. Peterson's article is a journalistic profile, grounded in direct interview and observation. He presents Dan Lafferty in his own words, allowing readers to confront the raw extremism of Lafferty's beliefs without much editorial framing. Peterson is able to access Lafferty's mindet at the time of the murders, his current beliefs now, and his life in prison. Peterson's piece feels like a warning - an unfiltered glimpse into the persistence of radical ideology decades after the crime. It's stark, factual, and disturbing in its restraints. Krakauer's book is written as a narrative nonfiction book. He blends investigative journalism with literary storytelling. He contexualizes the Lafferty murders within broader questions about Mormon history, revelation, and religious violence. Krakauer discusses deep historical and theological topics, and shows an emotional and psychological insight into the perpetrators. His literary style draws the reader into the story. Krakauer's work is also more interpretive, inviting readers to consider how religious belief can evolve into fanaticism. His storytelling makes the horror feel personal and systemic. Reading both pieces side by side is like seeing two sides of the same coin. Peterson shows us the present-day reality of a man still consumed by his beliefs, while Krakauer traces the roots of those beliefs and their consequences. Together, they raise urgent questions: How do we recognize and respond to religious extremism? What responsibility do religious communities bear in preventing violence? Can faith be both a source of peace and a catalyst for destruction?

Next, we read a chapter by James Turner Johnson titled The Idea of Just War in Christian Thought. This chapter outlines the historical development of Just War theory in Christian theology. Johnson's overview helped me understand how Christian thinkers have tried to reconcile the teachings of Jesus with the realities of political conflict. It's a sobering reminder that even peace-oriented religions have developed frameworks for war.

Thomas Aquinas provides criteria for when war can be considered morally just, and so we read his words. Aquinas's clarity and structure are striking. His criteria still influence modern debates about military intervention. Yet I wonder how his ideas hold up in today's world of asymmetric warfare and non-state actors.

These readings collectively highlight the tension between faith and violence. Whether through personal testimony or theological argument, they ask us to consider how religious traditions can both justify and resist violence. As I continue this course, I'm left asking: Can religion truly be a force for peace in a world so often torn by its name?

Sources: 

Aquinas, T. (2011). Whether it is always sinful to wage war? In M. Juergensmeyer & M. Kitts (Eds.), Princeton readings in religion and violence (pp. 41–44). Princeton University Press.

Birch, B. D. (2016, October). To Hearken or Not: Divine Commands & Ethical Dissonance. Paper presented at the Conference on Peacemaking: Ethical Perspectives in and Around Mormonism, Utah Valley University.

Johnson, J. T. (2009). The idea of just war in Christian thought. In R. D. Bainton (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to religion and war (pp. 207–227). Cambridge University Press.

Krakauer, J. (2004). Under the banner of heaven: A story of violent faith. Anchor Books.

Peterson, E. S. (2014, July 30). Radical Mormon jihad. Salt Lake City Weekly. https://www.cityweekly.net/utah/radical-mormon-jihad/Content?oid=2477964

[Written for PHIL 366G class UVU Fall 2025]
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“Secrets Behind the Walls: Exploring Never Lie and The Housemaid”

This post contains plot details and key twists from Never Lie and The Housemaid by Freida McFadden. If you haven’t read these books yet and want to experience the suspense firsthand, consider bookmarking this post and coming back after you’ve finished reading!

I first heard of Freida McFadden when I picked up Never Lie in September 2023. This psychological thriller had me hooked from its first page. I love reading suspense novels, and the twists, tension, and eerie setting of Never Lie were everything I had hoped for. Later, I picked up a copy of The Housemaid, but it remained on my shelf at home until this month. I am so glad I finally got around to reading it, as both books are masterclasses in domestic suspense, unreliable narrators, filled with secrets, and jaw-dropping twists.

Never Lie is about newlyweds Tricia and Ethan. They are trapped in a snowstorm inside the mansion of a missing psychiatrist. Tricia finds therapy recordings in the home, and she begins to suspect something awful happened inside his house. The suspense in the novel builds with every tape she listens to, slowly blurring the line between deception and truth.

“I believe that any human being is capable of terrible things if you push them hard enough.”

This quote from the book encapsulates the central theme: the hidden capacity for darkness inside us all. While Tricia searches for clues to solve a mystery, she is also confronting her own secrets. Another one of my favorite quotes from this book shows how McFadden keeps the readers on edge, constantly questioning who they can trust.

“My mother always says the only way two people can keep a secret is if one of them is dead.”

In The Housemaid, Millie is desperate for work after her release from prison. She accepts a live-in job with the Winchester family, and her dream job quickly turns into a psychological nightmare. Nina Winchester is manipulative, volatile, and clearly hiding something sinister.

“I hired her to kill him. She just doesn’t know it.”

McFadden flips the narrative and shocks readers with lines like this. The tension is relentless, and Millie’s resilience becomes the heart of the story. The story of Nina and Millie is raw, terrifying, and has you wondering what is hiding behind the perfect picture of domestic perfection.

Both novels explore secrecy, power dynamics, and female resilience. While Tricia and Millie are completely different women, they each face psychological manipulation and danger. Tricia is introspective and haunted by her past. Facing this, she tries to uncover the truth that lies hidden in the home. Millie is scrappy, defiant, and also trying to escape her past. She confronts her terror with cleverness, wit, and determination. The female resilience in both thrusts them into dangerous situations, but McFadden turns her heroines into resourceful, compelling, and relatable characters. In the end, both are survivors, even if their journeys are so different.

McFadden has a gift for creating thrillers that are both emotionally intense and psychologically layered. Never Lie and The Housemaid showcase her ability to turn ordinary settings into pressure cookers of suspense. Every character has something to hide, and every moment could be a turning point. Never Lie has been my go-to book when someone asks for a recommendation, but I might need to add The Housemaid to that list as well. When I heard that a movie was being adapted from that book, I knew now would be the perfect time to finally read it, and I am so glad that I did.

Never Lie Published: September 19, 2022
Read: September 11, 2023

The Housemaid Published: April 26, 2022
Read: October 18, 2025

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What Does It Mean to Be Educated

In this essay, I will argue that you can receive an education in multiple places and through multiple means. I will describe what being educated means to me as a foreigner who grew up in Europe and had a different schooling from the “American way”.

After viewing the short excerpt from the interview with Fareed Zakaria, I had a lot of different emotions. I was born and raised in the Netherlands, and so I grew up with the education system he described. I decided what I wanted to be when I was only 14. My schooling was geared towards fashion and design, as I had a great interest in that back then. I am a hands-on learner, and the typical education offered was hard for me as it involved mostly book smarts. I had the opportunity to go to a more technical school where I would graduate at 16 with a general degree, but also with marketable skills that could get me into the workforce right away without requiring more education. I chose fashion and design as my path, as it was something I was very passionate about. My degree from this type of high school gave me the opportunity to either further my education in the fashion and design field by attending more schooling, or to become employed and enjoy a career I had trained for. I believe the quote from Michael Roth is very fitting to this scenario, as he says:” higher education must generate useful knowledge that can benefit society, or can increase the student’s financial and social status, or can advance business and economic interests.” (Roth, Beyond The University) I benefited greatly from this type of learning, as it was geared towards hands-on learners to still make them valuable members of society without copious amounts of education.

Unfortunately for me, my life took a drastic turn when I was not able to use the education I had received, as my family moved to France for a year and then to the United States. When I went to college in America (UVSC back then), I realized that I did not have the skills to succeed easily, as my education before had been more hands-on, and everything was now in a different language as well. I struggled and started to dislike college, and decided it was not for me. I decided to work and use the limited education I had received in Europe to make my way through life. For the next 20 years, I mainly had jobs in retail as I was familiar with that and was a fast learner. I had a very fulfilling career for those 20 years, but I did not see myself doing this until retirement age or possibly beyond. I started to think about education again and the possible need for more. I had educated myself for the last 20 years in the retail industry and learned things I could not learn inside a classroom, but since I wanted to switch careers, I knew I needed more education to make that happen.

I am definitely one of the people who asked the “why” questions when it came to having to take general education classes once I signed up for UVU again. In the video from Dr. Matthew Sanders:” Becoming a learner: general education,” he explains the why so eloquently. At the 6:55 time stamp, he gets to the point of the video when he explains that general education creates a mind that helps you communicate ideas, solve problems, and enables you to have a foundation to thrive. He explains that we need education to thrive and flourish as human beings. I have discovered this to be accurate, as I myself have gone back to school to receive an education at 46 years old. In my mind, I already have an education when it comes to a lot of things, as I have worked hard my entire life to learn new skills that could help me in my career, but now that I am switching careers, I realize that I need more education to be able to do that. I actually need schooling and guidance in specific subjects so that I can become a teacher and receive a degree to do so.

To be educated is more than just a degree or college smarts. To be educated means that you never stop learning. I was learning and growing in the retail field for more than 20 years, and now that I want to switch careers, I need to continue to learn and grow, and also add some book smarts to that. “Education is a continuing process, essentially the same as freedom. At the heart of education is the commitment to moral purpose and loyalty to truth; to sense this is part of what it means to be educated in our modern world.” (William P. Tolley, What it means to be educated)

I need to continue to learn as I evolve so that I can keep up with this ever-changing world. I know I can and have received education over the years from all different sources, and that I can continue to do so. I consider myself to have a really good education when it comes to anything related to retail. For the last 9 years I have been working as a custodian at the elementary school level and have taught myself most of the things I had to know to do so. I consider myself to be a very educated person when it comes to the ins and outs of that field as well. I am now going back to school to receive more education, but in a different way. I am getting the education needed for me to pass tests that will allow me to be a teacher. I have completed 4 semesters of college so far, and I can see myself becoming more educated with each class I take. I am learning numerous things in the classes I will need for my major and in the classes that I will most likely never use in the future. All of them have educated me to some degree, and I have learned how to be a better human, student, and educator because of them.

Work Cited:

Roth, M. S. (2014, May 23). Beyond the university: Why liberal education matters. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/beyond-the-university-why-liberal-education-matters-by-michael-s-roth/2014/05/23/a911b3fe-cef2-11e3-937f-d3026234b51c_story.html

Sanders, M. (1962). Becoming a learner: General education. Journal of General Education, 13(3), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221473.1962.10621564

[Written for SLSS 1100 class UVU Summer 2022]
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